Thursday, June 30, 2022

Russia, no longer King of the North

 Russia's Black Sea fleet reinforced for invasion of Ukraine | News | The  Times

Russia, no longer King of the North

 

Russia has long dreamed of becoming a superpower in the High North, thanks to its 24,000 km coastline on the Arctic Ocean.

 

The Northern Sea Route, which runs along Russia's Arctic coast, is considered the shortest available shipping path between Asia and Europe, some 30% to 40% shorter than routes that use the Suez Canal.

Leveraging its geography, Moscow requires all vessels sailing the route to be piloted by Russians, charges tolls and requires ships -- including warships -- to provide advance notice of their passage plans.

After Ultra-Modern Military Base, Russia Will Build A Naval Fleet In The  ArcticMany shipping companies prefer to use the Suez and Panama canals for this reason, even if they are lengthier journeys.

But the rapidly melting sea ice is opening shipping routes outside Russia's exclusive economic zone and closer to the North Pole itself. By 2065, the Arctic's navigability will increase so greatly that Russia's control over trade will weaken, according to a new study from Brown University in the U.S. state of Rhode Island. 

 

Russia’s ambition to remain the Arctic superpower is propelling its all-out effort to guard its economic interests there with broad territorial claims over waterways and a continued military build-up in a region the United States often ignored, an expert on Arctic defense and security said Wednesday.

Troy Bouffard, director of the Arctic Security and Defense Center at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, said President Vladimir Putin “really changed [Russia’s] approach to international development” and sees the Arctic playing a vital role in Moscow’s return as a great power.

At the same time, the warming waters in the Arctic are opening the Northern Sea Route and Northwest Passage to longer seasons of shipping, making the waters factors for military and commercial planners in Washington, Moscow and Beijing.

But Russia has the biggest territorial claims in the Arctic, and it also sees the region as key to its future growth.

“Oil put Russia back on the map” as a nation of importance, said Bouffard, and energy sales remain critical to its economy.

“Right now, natural gas is the king,” particularly liquified natural gas from the Arctic because “that’s what’s marketable” and needed by China and Europe. He added that mining and fishing in the High North are complementing energy exploration and sales that help Moscow’s economy, despite sanctions levied on it after the seizure of Crimea in 2014 and continued backing of separatists in Ukraine.

To beef up its Arctic territorial claims over the Northern Sea Route – which is proving to be the more accessible route for trade between Asia and Europe – and restore its status as a military power, Bouffard Russia is spending 5 to 6 percent of its gross domestic product on defense.

He cited the July release of the Kremlin’s national security strategy as a statement that “they’re kind of back” when it comes to international affairs, demanding a voice and a seat at the table when it believes Moscow’s interests are at stake, as they are in the Arctic.

The report was released shortly after Moscow assumed the chairmanship of the eight-member Arctic Council. Although the council does not engage in military or security discussions, it is a forum for international cooperation on the environment, handling emergencies from search and rescue to providing disaster and humanitarian assistance and protecting the rights of the Arctic’s indigenous peoples.

In the document, Bouffard said the Russians “understand NATO is their biggest challenge” from the Arctic to the Baltic and Black seas.

When Putin and the Russian leadership look at the Arctic, they see seven other nations with territorial claims there that are either in NATO or partners like Finland and Sweden.

As a consequence of its vision of the Arctic as an economic engine for growth, Moscow “has done a better job of building out infrastructure,” from expanding its fleet of icebreakers to modernizing ports and ramping up military presence in specially-designed “Arctic Trefoils” military bases to back its claims over the Northern Sea Route, Bouffard and other speakers at the forum said.

The trefoils are designed to sustain military operations under severe Arctic weather conditions.

Bouffard added that one of Russia’s latest icebreakers, operating under the equivalent of its Coast Guard, is armed with missiles. It is “not going to escort tankers” along the Northern Sea Route.

Russia plans to expand its present fleet of more than 50 icebreakers to include “a flotilla” of nuclear-powered vessels by 2030 to keep the Northern Sea Route open for a longer sailing season.

This emphasis on defending what the Kremlin considers its own territory has translated into Russia building 10 dual use coastal stations along the Northern Sea Route. In addition, it has re-opened or built airfields backed up with S-400 air defense systems and modernized ports, often with Chinese investments to expedite liquefied natural gas exports. But the airfields also serve a military purpose, if needed.

Although Moscow hasn’t built artificial islands in the Arctic as Beijing has in the South China Sea, Bouffard said it beefed up its military presence on the waterway’s natural islands. “The islands offer great potential for sensors,” he added, as well as land for facilities to house air, land and naval forces.

Others in the forum suggested the Kremlin could be looking at installing undersea missile or torpedo pods to secure control of waterways in the High North. For the past two years, the Kremlin has been demanding non-Russian warships using the Northern Sea Route take aboard Russian pilots. The United States’ position on the Northern Sea Route and the Northwest Passage is that both are straits, like that of Gibraltar and international waterways.

Russian Icebreaker Yamal. Russian Navy Photo

In assessing Russia’s land forces in the Arctic now, Bouffard said they “far outpace us now” in training under these conditions. In addition, these land forces are also rotated for training inside Russia’s borders and abroad. He included Syria as a training ground for Russian ground forces in developing new operational concepts for unmanned aerial systems and electronic warfare in a real world environment. He said “we’ll be there,” as the U.S. and NATO have stepped up their Arctic training to meet Russian challenges.

Answering a question, Bouffard said Russia’s Northern Fleet’s modernized ballistic missile submarine force has caused NATO to look again at the Greenland-Iceland-United Kingdom “gap” as a contested region in a potential conflict.

Earlier, he noted that after the collapse of the Soviet Union and before Putin became president, the only military force that was consistently funded was the Northern Fleet. Since then, the Murmansk-centered military commands of naval, air and land forces have been expanded and modernized.

For the Northern Fleet, this includes the addition of new attack and ballistic missile submarines and adoption of advanced undersea technologies that threaten the North Atlantic link between the U.S. and Canada and their NATO allies in a conflict.

“The security landscape [in the Arctic] is getting more difficult,” Ine Ericksen Soreide, Norway’s foreign minister, said earlier this year in Washington, reflecting on the Kremlin’s military modernization program and new strategy seeing itself as a great power.

Japan Is Back

Japan is Back on the World Stage | The National Interest 

  Japan’s Global Leadership Gambit

Is Japanese Prime Minister Kishida Fumio proving to be as consequential a global statesman as his former boss, Abe Shinzo?

Kishida Vision for Peace: Japan’s Global Leadership Gambit

Japanese Prime Minister Kishida Fumio delivers the keynote speech at the 2022 Shangri-La Dialogue.

As the season of summitry sets in following the pandemic pause, from the Quad to NATO and the G-7 to G-20, Japan is demonstrating bold leadership. Tokyo remains determined to deliver solutions as the international community jostles with challenges to the rules-based order, both in the Indo-Pacific and Euro-Atlantic theater.

Far from the initial speculations as to whether post-Abe Japan would command the same strategic clout in the global stage, today Japan is demonstrating refreshing confidence and decisiveness on the global stage. Given the tectonic shifts in global geopolitics and geoeconomics, Japan can hardly afford not to.

It is reassuring to see that despite nuanced differences in Kishida’s and Abe’s personalities and factional politics, what’s common is their ambition to carve out a bolder role for Japan as rule of force underwrites rule of law. What has changed since Abe’s time, though, is the transformative moment in international history with Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Social sciences and humanities faculties 'to close' in Japan after  ministerial intervention | Times Higher Education (THE)The pertinent question remains the same, if more urgent: When the rules-based order is contested, how is Japan going to respond? Tokyo’s answer is the “Kishida Vision for Peace” as articulated during the 2022 Shangri-La Dialogue. How serious are the policy discussions beyond the rhetoric?

Abe positioned Japan as the standard bearer of values, rules, and principles in important international conversations, spinning grand ideas like the Confluence of the Two Seas and Democratic Security Diamond, paving the way for the Free and Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP) and Quad. Kishida, who served as the longest serving foreign minister in the Abe administration, has over time matured as an astute leader with clear intention of scaling up Japan’s profile as a confident power.

For Kishida, it is as much about defending the rules-based international order as it is about building his own legacy beyond Abe’s towering international profile. Thus Kishida, with the aim of elevating FOIP to the next level, is churning out his own “Vision for Peace” and “Realism Diplomacy for the New Era” as Japan stands at a crossroads. Tokyo faces three fronts  in Northeast Asian security with China, North Korea, and now Russia, not to mention the brewing China-Russia nexus and its impact on the power balance. With an impressive public approval rating at home, Kishida is operating from a solid ground despite the looming upper house election.

While the China-U.S. strategic competition alongside the pandemic-induced supply chain disruption posed difficult choices for Tokyo, Ukraine presented a litmus test for the leadership. Japan’s global economic leadership is already well established with Tokyo’s assiduous role in agenda-setting and rule-shaping, as seen in the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), and the latest Indo-Pacific Economic Framework. However, developments in Eastern Europe are proving to be the right nudge Japan needs to fast-track its domestic security conversation and seek out a larger role in defending the foundation of international order.

How innovative is the Kishida Vision? Examining the five pillars it is anchored on may answer the question.

The first pillar is bolstering the rules-based free and open international order. This is not new. Japan has long been a resolute advocate of the rules-based international order. The FOIP conversation in Tokyo since its early days has repeatedly underscored Japan’s determination to preserve the free, open, and rules-based international order. In fact, in his 2013 “Japan is Back” speech, Abe envisioned Japan’s role as a leading promoter of rules and a guardian of the global commons.

What is innovative is Kishida’s determination to draw up a systematic “Free and Open Indo-Pacific Plan for Peace” by next spring with the aim of improving “maritime law enforcement capabilities, as well as cyber security, digital and green initiatives, and economic security.” In the next three years, Tokyo intends to expand technical cooperation and training to reinforce the maritime law enforcement capabilities of some 20 nations, train personnel on subjects of rule of law and governance, and further offer $2 billion assistance toward maritime security equipment and transportation infrastructure to fellow Indo-Pacific nations.

The second pillar is security-focused, including expanding Japan’s security role and enhancing deterrence capabilities. The incremental reorientation of Japan’s security role within the parameters of Article 9 and the right to collective self-defense is an ongoing process. The Abe years have been decisive in this regard. What Kishida has done in the backdrop of the developments around Ukraine is accelerate rather than alter the basic direction of the security conversation. Debates on doubling defense spending, counter-strike capabilities, as well as stability in Taiwan Strait in the mind space of defense planners and white papers, revision of the 2013 National Security Strategy and other defense planning predates the Ukraine war and also the Kishida administration.

What Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has done is put a definitive timeline – five years – on Tokyo’s plan of strengthening deterrence and response capabilities as Kishida’s narrative is “Ukraine today may be East Asia tomorrow.” But the challenge will be pursuing it within the parameters of Japan’s pacifist constitution. Nevertheless, the message is resonating with the Japanese public, since opinion polls show resounding support toward preparation for a Taiwan contingency. The core of Japan’s policy of external and internal balancing with the Japan-U.S. alliance at the core, and building a web of cooperation with Quad, ASEAN, and Europe remains intact. Going forward, Japan will step up its cooperation with NATO as well as the Pacific Islands as new frontiers of great power competition heats up.

The third pillar holds major significance as it is about doubling down with a sense of urgency, especially after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, to realize a world without nuclear weapons. This is a close personal agenda of Kishida, who hails from the electoral district of Hiroshima. Northeast Asia hosts several nuclear power states. Kishida’s call encouraging both Washington and Beijing to engage in nuclear disarmament and arms control dialogue is noteworthy. His intention to become the first Japanese prime minister to participate in the NPT Review Conference demonstrates his seriousness. However, Japan’s debate and decision not to join the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons highlights the complexities of the issue.

The fourth pillar pushes U.N. reforms. Japan will be joining the U.N. Security Council as a non-permanent member in 2023, which will allow it space at the high table. Reforming the U.N. has been a priority project of successive governments. Despite Japan’s significant financial contribution, its reform push has seen little success. With China and Russia holding permanent U.N. Security Council seats, it will be rough ride.

The fifth pillar anchors economic security, one of the areas where the Kishida administration has made significant strides. From enacting an economic security law to creating a full-time minister post, deepening discussions on de-risking supply chains including semiconductors, batteries, rare earth, pharmaceuticals, and protecting strategic technologies are in full steam. The conversation on economic security started gaining traction even before Kishida took office in the context of the China-U.S. strategic contest and subsequently the pandemic – for instance regulation of foreign investments in core industries, setting up of a digital agency, subsidies supporting resilient supply chains, and so on. But this effort matured under Kishida and started to deliver on policy terms.

While Kishida has presented his Vision for Peace at the Shangri-la Dialogue, how he delivers on it will be judged by history. As Japan heads for the upper house election, Kishida’s Liberal Democratic Party is expected to secure a solid mandate. This will buy Kishida time to walk the talk on his Vision. Pursuing national security interests while navigating the China-Russia-U.S. dynamics is as much a challenge as an opportunity for Kishida to define Japan’s grand strategy.

 

Russia’s rising energy trade with Asia masks underlying problems

 Power of connection: why the Russia–Europe gas trade is strangely untouched  by politics

Asia Can’t Save Russia’s Energy Sector

Russia’s rising energy trade with Asia – including China and India – masks underlying problems, including artificially low prices and maxed-out infrastructure.

Russia’s reckless and bloody invasion of Ukraine in February set in motion a cascade of events for which it was ill-prepared. Europe began the process of divorcing itself from Russian fossil fuels, the U.S. coordinated sweeping export controls on key inputs such as semiconductors with Asian partners, and the Russian military considerably underperformed expectations, forcing Moscow into a longer war of attrition than it had planned for.

All Russia can do is worsen the damage from inflation to the West and bully its Eurasian partners to maintain an image of strength. Gazprom is cutting deliveries to EU importers and Turkey, and in late June the export of Kazakh crude via the port at Novorossiysk was suspended. The suspension was said to be temporary, to allow for demining, but came just days after Kazakh President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev asserted that the Kazakh government would not recognize the Luhansk and Donetsk People’s Republics as legitimate states while sitting next to Russia’s Vladimir Putin on a stage at the St. Petersburg International Economic Forum.

The Russian regime appears to have assumed that China and, to a lesser extent, India and other non-Western partners, would effectively bail them out by buying up whatever energy exports the West did not and providing the equipment lost because of sanctions, export controls, and self-sanctioning. Although China and India have done much to cushion the blow in terms of export volumes thus far, they have their Russian counterparts over a barrel as commodities flows are rewired and energy markets adjust. The outlook for Russia’s oil, gas, and coal industries is dimming, if not yet completely bleak. But there is little reason to see a full “pivot to Asia” sustainably addressing the problems Russia faces.

Natural Gas

A half year prior to the invasion of Ukraine, Gazprom began a game of chicken with the EU, refusing to sell natural gas on spot markets. As contracts expired and European importers insisted they would not sign long-term deals indexed to oil prices or LNG prices, Russian natural gas exports fell and set off a global scramble for gas supplies, which continues to roil markets. Russia’s capacity to lift exports to Asia, however, is heavily constrained by existing export infrastructure and sanctions. Instead, Gazprom thus far seems to be focusing on driving prices higher.

Gazprom has not notably increased natural gas deliveries to China via the Power of Siberia pipeline, a pipeline with an annual capacity of 38 bcm, despite the loss of market share in Europe. The Chayanda field, which currently supplies the pipeline, is not connected by any infrastructure to gas fields in West Siberia. Current increases remain in line with a supply contract set to reach maximum capacity utilization by 2025. Preparatory talks and works are still taking place for Power of Siberia 2, a pipeline that would run through Mongolia to China with a capacity as high as 50 bcm. A third Power of Siberia project is now being discussed. Both are years away from being realized.

Net Russian natural gas exports were down 27.6 percent for January-May. Pipelines take a long time to build, particularly given that state procurements – roughly one-third of Russia’s GDP – face considerable pressures from inflation at the same time the Ministry of Finance is expanding the use of instruments designed to hide information about firms from foreign financial bodies. Russia also can’t increase exports using LNG. Although works for Novatek’s Arctic-2 LNG project continue, sanctions are beginning to increase costs and delay project times for the company in general. Gazprom is now seeing European partners for the Baltic LNG project bail, throwing it in doubt. These challenges similarly raise concerns about output expansions once the first train is launched.

In short, China and the larger Asia-Pacific offer little relief when it comes to new export markets. Russia is gambling on a short-term strategy focused on high prices with a raft of unintended consequences.

Oil

There wasn’t an explicit sanction limiting oil exports to Europe until the EU adopted its sixth package of sanctions and effectively set a target of a 90 percent reduction in oil imports from Russia by year’s end. The decision to ban the insurance and reinsurance of seaborne cargoes of Russian crude further raised costs for Russian firms in need of transport and Asian buyers unsure where to turn for their insurance needs. At the same time, these developments also increased the discounts Asian buyers are provided in exchange for taking on the risk of buying Russian crude oil. Exports of Urals blend and ESPO blend are regularly trading at discounts of $30-35 a barrel against Brent crude, the international benchmark price.

Since the invasion, Russian crude supplies to China have surged to record levels at about 2 million barrels per day, equivalent to 55 percent year-on-year growth for May. Crucially, Russia has bested Saudi Arabia as China’s top supplier. All this has taken place despite a net crude production decline in the range of 1 million barrels per day, with expectations that output will continue to decline, if not immediately.

India has been the main surprise, massively increasing its purchases of Russian crude up to about 800,000 barrels per day in May. For the month, Russia supplied 18 percent of India’s imports vs. the 1 percent it regularly supplied pre-invasion. Russia has overtaken Saudi Arabia as India’s second-largest crude oil supplier because of its lack of export options.

All told, the loss of European markets is by no means fatal for Russian crude exports in the short term. Nevertheless, the structural shift east comes with rising costs and limited options. Nearly all – 97 percent – of seaborne crude tankers from Russia headed to India in April-May were insured by firms in the U.K., Norway, and Sweden, all parties to the insurance/reinsurance ban that has now taken effect. The loss of these providers will buoy the discounts Russian firms will have to offer buyers.

Worse, declining European imports will eventually mean reduced purchases of Russian diesel. There’s little scope to export diesel to Asian markets. Nearly one-third of China’s refining capacity is currently being idled and refiners across Asia have chased huge margins for diesel. Declining Russian product exports will then force Russian refineries to close and further dent Russian crude production. Asian consumers aren’t saving the day.

Coal

Russia’s coal miners are doing all they can to move more product to Asia in response to EU bans on coal imports. January-May saw rail exports from Kuzbass – Russia’s primary coal-producing basin – decline 8.7 percent thanks to lack of eastern export capacity on the rail network.

China’s coal imports surged 51 percent in May to 3.3 million tons, but were lower than they were in May 2021. In late April, China’s State Council pledged to increase domestic thermal coal production by 300 million tons this year to reduce import dependence in the wake of Beijing’s ongoing ban on Australian coal imports and sanctions risks for Russian supplies. Russian miners are offering significant discounts to entice Chinese buyers and focusing on coking coal exports used for steel manufacture while facing a structural decline in exports to China. Thermal coal is by far the primary driver for Russian exports to the Chinese market.

India has increased purchases of six-fold year-on-year and exploited the political pressure on Russian firms to win 25-30 percent discounts on supplies of Russian coal, particularly coking coal, from traders in Singapore. Data is squirrely and sensitive given the political anxiety around Washington’s response, but India is currently importing volumes of coal similar to China, assuming roughly 1 million tons in total were imported for March and inferred from month-on-month growth.

Given greater demand in Asia, Russian firms are begging the government to subsidize and speed up the expansion of rail capacity for export in East Siberia and the Far East as well as the construction of barges to be used on the Amur River. Businessman Albert Avdolyan, owner of the new Elginskoye coalfield in Yakutia, is so fed up with the sluggish pace of construction conducted by Russian Railways and state contractors that he’s pushing ahead with building his own railway to the Sea of Okhotsk despite labor shortages, high construction costs, and the general creeping crisis across the Russian economy.

Future exports are running into logistical limits and a narrowing window to win market share while facing steep declines in westbound deliveries and pressure to discount supplies to win buyers.

Less Pivot, More Stumble

Overall, Russia is reorienting its energy exports to China, India, and Asia-Pacific markets at a rapidly accelerating pace due to sanctions, import bans, and self-sanctioning from businesses. But it’s quickly running into the logistical limits of what existing infrastructure can sustain and is doing so in a haphazard, uncoordinated manner.

For example, declines in natural gas volumes exported to Europe going back to last year helped drive up coal prices. That, in turn, led Chinese authorities to commit to this year’s coal push, which will significantly lower the ceiling for potential coal exports form Russia to China in years to come. Crude exports face a tough environment later this year as European purchases of Russian diesel decline, something that will inevitably affect companies’ ability to maintain output for Asian consumers as domestic refinery throughput falls.

Russia cushioned the initial blow of sanctions with huge influxes of energy revenues supported by demand in Asia. These new trade flows ultimately depend on selling at prices below the market rate realized elsewhere. That works when prices are high. They won’t stay high forever, as recession risks in the U.S. and Europe grow and China’s growth for the year weakens. Unfortunately, Asia is the only plan B Moscow has – and buyers know it.

 

Wednesday, June 29, 2022

北约:俄中两国 一威胁一挑战

US issues military threat against China; Dragon 'on NATO's radar more than  ever' 

北约:俄中两国 一威胁一挑战

随着土耳其表示不再阻挠瑞典和芬兰加入北约,北约为进一步扩员扫清了道路。目前正在马德里召开的北约峰会将通过新战略,俄罗斯被定义为对北约最直接的威胁。中国不是北约的对手,但对北约的“价值观、利益和安全构成挑战”。

外界预计北约峰会将在周三(6月29日)做出接纳新成员国的决定,以便在俄罗斯入侵乌克兰的背景下展现统一的立场。


北约秘书长斯托尔滕贝格在周二峰会开幕时表示,这一决定将是北约“威慑和防御的根本转变”。峰会召开前,斯托尔滕贝格曾表示,(接纳新成员)是“自冷战以来对北约集体威慑和防御做出的最大改革”。

美国前总统特朗普在任时期,欧洲和美国之间的关系持续紧张。但是乌克兰战争为西方联盟注入了新的动能。法国总统马克龙曾在2019年对北约做出“脑死亡”的判断,因为当时跨大西洋的紧张关系让人们对该联盟的方向产生了怀疑。

美国和北约在阿富汗长达20年的干预行动最终在混乱中结束。直到乌克兰战争爆发,再次强调了联盟的核心目标:集体防御。

西班牙首相桑切斯在此次北约峰会开幕时表示,俄罗斯总统普京对乌克兰的侵略让人们“更清楚一点”,也就是北约对未来有多么的重要。

除了新的信心,北约也对非成员国构成了吸引力。瑞典和芬兰鉴于俄罗斯的入侵,决定放弃中立并争取加入北约。

周二土耳其同意放弃对瑞典和芬兰申请加入北约的否决权,因为这两个国家在打击恐怖主义方面做出了重大承诺。

数周来安卡拉当局一直反对瑞典和芬兰加入北约。土耳其方面指控这两个国家支持库尔德工人党(PKK)和以叙利亚为基地的库尔德民兵组织人民保护部队(YPG)。这两个组织被安卡拉定义为恐怖组织。但瑞典和芬兰对此并不承认。

周三,北约还将同意在俄罗斯领土附近预置包括重型武器在内的更多设备;增加北约在东欧国家的战斗小组的人数;将快速反应部队从4万人扩大到30万人。

拥有30个成员国的北约在此次峰会上还将就北约安全任务和使命的新战略概念达成一致。这是2010年以来的首次更新。在北约未来10年的安全蓝图中,俄罗斯被定义为对北约最直接的威胁。安全蓝图中还会提及北约应对中国日益增长的经济和军事影响力等问题上的做法。

斯托尔滕贝格说,中国不是北约的对手,但“对我们的价值观、利益和安全构成挑战”。

北约在印太地区的伙伴国家澳大利亚、新西兰、日本和韩国也参与此次峰会。这表明乌克兰战争并不是北约关注的唯一重点。

北约成员还计划承诺向乌克兰提供长期支持,包括更多的设备、物资、培训,并帮助该国摆脱对前苏联时期军事装备的依赖。

不过,北约内部也显示出紧张的迹象,因为在战争本身以及西方对俄罗斯的严厉制裁下,能源和其他必需品的价格急剧上升。对于战争将如何结束,乌克兰应该做出何种让步以实现停战,北约内部也存在分歧。

 

 

“如果香港搞不好,不但你们有责任,我们也有责任!”、“香港回归祖国了,如果在我们手里搞坏了,那我们岂不成了民族罪人?”

 “如果香港搞不好,不但你们有责任,我们也有责任!”、“香港回归祖国了,如果在我们手里搞坏了,那我们岂不成了民族罪人?”

百年真相】发言3分钟右派20年朱镕基说了啥| 高岗| 大纪元

习近平去香港做什么?


中国前总理朱鎔基2002年11月访问香港时,在礼宾府接受港府宴请时发表一段即兴演说,他向台下港府官员说:“如果香港搞不好,不但你们有责任,我们也有责任!”、“香港回归祖国了,如果在我们手里搞坏了,那我们岂不成了民族罪人?”

朱镕基现在不知作何感想,香港成了如今这样都与习近平有关,习2012年担任总书记以来,开始步步限缩香港自由,中英联合声明,香港基本法承诺的直选前景一一被否掉,迫使港人起来一次次护法,捍卫中共承诺的一国两制。

习端视香港为斗争对象,2014年,取消对香港的普选承诺,引发“雨伞运动”,2019年,强推送中条例,引发“反送中”,2020年,习下令全国人大通过港版『国安法』,借此在香港大抓捕,以煽动叛乱罪、勾结外国势力罪清除反政府的声音。

习近平今年初在新年贺词说:“祖国一直牵挂着香港”。台湾联合报社论评论,这是何其讽刺,他正在亲手扼死香港。连独立媒体都不复存的香港,已不是香港,而不过是颗黯淡的珍珠。

世界日报报道,港人因“看不到希望”而爆发移民潮,2019到2021的三年,只走了13万人,但今年第一季就走了14万。在港的外国人,与上海一样,逃走一空。

华尔街日报曾报道朱镕基等元老对习不满,其中一个原因就是"把香港搞砸了".习近平把香港搞砸了! 习近平还能来,有些人自然是感觉很幸福的,比如引爆反送中运动即将下台的特首林正月娥。林正月娥对于自己对香港被窒息所起的作用,浑不觉。

她近日频频接受采访,当记者问到她推动修订“逃犯条例”,引爆香港反送中运动,她是否感到遗憾?林郑坦然地说,她从来都没有因为推动修例感到遗憾,也不认为港府有错失。

彭博社记者问林郑月娥是否会为她任内发生的一系列事情向香港人道歉,林郑月娥回应说:“不会。我想向我的丈夫和儿子们道歉,因为他们为支持我为香港人服务的使命以及把香港建设成为中华人民共和国的一部分而做出了牺牲。”有分析指,林正月娥说这话,或许她在想,我只是在忠实地执行习主席的命令?

自从北京替香港制定了港版国安法,便全以国家安全名义,以西方国家在港进行颠覆为借口,对异议者整肃。香港被噤声,港人生活在一片肃杀的气氛中。

那些为了争取普选的港人,大声喊出自己意见的人,率领大家抗议的人,憧憬自由的年轻人,还有那些独立媒体,比如苹果日报老板黎智英,那些敢于批评港府,甚至敢于批评港府背后站着的北京当局的,硬是以国安法的名义判刑,那些年轻,有为,前途无限的学生领袖,一个个或被抓,或被送进监狱,或逃亡自由世界。

末代港督彭定康,毫不犹豫地直至习近平是“独裁者“,习是扼杀香港特区自由的责任人。25年前,根据中英联合声明,香港资本主义制度五十年不变,北京尊重香港一国两制,他与北京领导人完成交接时,没有想到香港后来的下场。

他对BBC 说,中国撕毁了中英联合声明,并且报复性地试图全面剥夺香港的自由,因为北京视自由为威胁,不是对中国安全的威胁,是对中共持久把持权力的威胁。他认为,香港局势急转直下,是在习近平成为独裁者之后。中国大陆的文革那一套,在香港得到复制,这全都归功于习氏。

习近平要去香港做什么?去看香港的黯淡,香港的无声,香港的臣服?香港在21世纪今天,在邓小平承诺港人五十年不变的时候失去自由,这是这个世界的耻辱,而于习本人,除了显示跋扈的威风,岂有丝毫的光荣。

土耳其终于为芬兰瑞典加盟北约开绿灯

 芬兰总统访瑞典共议加盟北约俄驱逐俩芬兰驻俄使馆人员| 俄乌战争| 俄罗斯入侵乌克兰| 普京| 乌克兰| 芬兰| 瑞典| 北约| 美国| 俄罗斯|  希望之声 

土耳其终于为芬兰瑞典加盟北约开绿灯

直到北约峰会召开前几小时,土耳其总统埃尔多安还在马德里声明,“土耳其需要的是结果,不是空话!”瑞典和芬兰能否如愿加入北约,一切就取决于这位强人领袖了。北约一直希望说服土耳其放弃否决权,但一直在审慎乐观和没有把握中徘徊。


周二晚间,北约秘书长斯托尔滕贝格突然表示:“我很幸运地宣布,我们现在已就芬兰和瑞典加入北约达成了协议”。“土耳其与芬兰和瑞典签署了一项备忘录,旨在回应土耳其的关切,尤其在涉及武器出口以及反恐斗争方面”。

一位匿名的美国高官披露,美国总统拜登私下在三国谈判中起到了重要作用。拜登应赫尔辛基和斯特哥尔摩邀请,当日与埃尔多安会谈。三国达成协议后,华盛顿指“这为西方的团结提供了强大的动力”。英国首相约翰逊则称赞瑞典和芬兰加盟,使得北约“更加强大更加安全”。

长期中立的芬兰和瑞典是在俄罗斯发动侵乌战争后提出加盟申请的,受到西方国家一致欢迎,但却被土耳其总统埃尔多安当头泼了一桶冷水。

星期二,埃尔多安一抵达马德里,立即与芬兰总理、瑞典总理以及作为“调解人”的北约秘书长斯托尔滕贝格开启“最后的谈判”。会议一直持续到国际标准时间17时,休息半小时后,继续谈判。在谈判开始前,北约秘书长斯托尔滕贝格谨慎表示:希望芬兰和瑞典入盟进程能在本次峰会取得进展。

斯托尔滕贝格没有透露更多的细节,但成员国均意识到问题严重,如果不能打开僵局,如果土耳其维持否决权,在目前俄罗斯侵乌背景下,无疑对北约联盟是一个重挫。

英国首相约翰逊此前也承认,有关芬兰和瑞典入盟的讨论,使得与土耳其的对话变得非常艰难。法国总统马克龙之前也在激将,土耳其应该清楚地表明,站在我们一边。

应该说,埃尔多安有备而来,他本计划在与芬兰和瑞典开会之外,周三准备与美国总统拜登,法国总统马克龙举行双边会谈。

美国国家安全顾问沙利文稍早也表示,我们所做的与多数成员国所做的相同,就是在公开或私下,我们都认为瑞典与芬兰加入联盟符合北约的利益。

埃尔多安此前不支持瑞典与芬兰加入北约,除了公开的理由是两国庇护库尔德工人党成员,另外一个重要因素是安卡拉与美国的关系。埃尔多安临出发前来马德里前放话,与拜登见面的重要议题是F16战机。土耳其很早就订购了美国战机并已部分付款,但在土耳其购买了俄罗斯S-400防空系统后军火案被悬置起来。

经过数月的不睦后,埃尔多安与拜登去年10月在罗马最后一次见面。也就是二十国集团罗马峰会开会的时候。

土耳其阻挡芬兰和瑞典入盟,理由是两国藏匿了库尔德斯坦工人党的重要成员,安卡拉认其为“恐怖主义分子”。土耳其还指责两国庇护了葛兰的支持者,这位目前流亡在美国的著名伊斯兰神职人员,埃尔多安指责他是2016年7月土耳其未遂政变的幕后操纵者。

埃尔多安在与芬兰和瑞典总理会面前还强调,“土耳其入盟已有70年,我们希望通过峰会见证我们的团结”。但他补充,如果瑞典和芬兰要想成为北约成员,他们必须考虑土耳其的关切,别无他途。

两个北欧国家领袖前来马德里前,曾披露与土耳其的讨论“有进步”,但芬兰总统表示,“目前这一阶段对谈判结果既不乐观也不悲观”。瑞典外交部长林德则表示,她正在 "为一些积极的事情做准备",但 "也可能需要更长的时间",她呼吁 "耐心 "和 "甚至准备在峰会之后继续讨论"。

周一晚间,埃尔多安提升了压力,他称为峰会带来了一些文件和图片,显示“我们对话伙伴对库尔德工人党等恐怖分子的姿态多么地虚伪”。

周二是个好日子,土耳其为瑞典和芬兰开绿灯,毫无疑问,北约从此更强大。这一切,归根结底,是俄罗斯侵乌战争直接推动的结果。

土耳其总统府晚间发出的公告则称,“在打击库尔德工人党方面,埃尔多安总统获得芬兰和瑞典全面合作”。

Tuesday, June 28, 2022

中国从一开始就想让好莱坞知道谁才是老大

中国禁演好莱坞新片《蜘蛛侠》四名专家解读其中深层原因

蜘蛛侠

最新一部《蜘蛛侠》电影在全球范围获得好评

2021年年底的好莱坞贺岁大片《蜘蛛侠:英雄无归》(香港译《蜘蛛侠:不战无归》,台湾译《蜘蛛人:无家日》),引得世界各地无数观众争相排队进入电影院,迫不及待地在大银幕前坐下来观看漫威的。 这部受到高度评价的《蜘蛛侠》系列的最新一部电影包含了精心编排的动作场面、英雄之间的俏皮戏谑和前几部电影中最具标志性的一些反派角色——甚至还有来自漫威其他受欢迎的人物的惊奇的客串,这简直是粉丝所希望的一切。

电影获取约20亿美元的收入,是有史以来票房最高好莱坞大片之一。 影片的成功表明,蜘蛛侠的诱惑足以吸引粉丝在疫情后回到电影院。

但是,这其中却不包括中国粉丝,因为这部电影在中国大陆没有通过审核。

尽管北京当局多年来一直在过滤和封锁影视内容,可是让很多人费解的是《蜘蛛侠》这部新片并没有抨击中国的价值观——事实上,影片根本没有提到中国。

所有这些都引出了这样一个问题:好莱坞和中国政府之间到底发生了什么?除了简单地阻止对中国的负面报道,北京是否还有其他考量?中国为什么要禁止《蜘蛛侠》?

有专家专门就此作出分析,并首先回顾了好莱坞与中国市场的交流历史。

中国市场的首部好莱坞电影

1949年以前,中华民国统治下的中国大陆电影工业规模不大,有国产电影,也有一些来自美国好莱坞。对外来电影中国影商只支付很少的固定费用。 但随着毛泽东所领导的中共成立中华人民共和国开始,一切都改变了。

从1951年开始,中国大陆观众就看不到任何好莱坞或香港拍摄的电影了。当时人们甚至不可能看到中国电影人自己制作的电影。 取而代之的是,全国各地到处都是流动电影院,里面播放的都是革命影片——工农兵忠于共产党的故事。

地道战

人民忠于共产党题材的电影在中国的银幕上占据了很长时间

这些政府题材的电影在中国的银幕上占据了30年之久。

苏文迪(音译:Wendy Su)是《中国遇上全球好莱坞》(China's Encounter with Global Hollywood)的作者,她指出,在这30年里,只有一部美国电影在中国上映。但却怀疑别人是否听说过这部电影。

这部名为《地球之盐》(Salt of the Earth) 的电影被认为是一部进步电影。那是30年来唯一一部被允许在中国上映的美国电影。

《大地之盐》是一个讲述新墨西哥州矿工生活的故事。该公司的制造商被好莱坞列入黑名单,原因是他们被指与共产党有联系。这无疑让北京方面向中国观众提供的内容更带来了吸引力。

1976年,毛泽东去世。这是中国电影业的一个转折点。 几十年来一直充当政府宣传机器的电影业,现在被允许有更多的表达自由。

但这也带来了一个问题,那就是政府资金被切断了。

苏文迪表示,中国的电影业陷入了严重危机。很多电影制片厂倒闭,剧院的观众也大量减少。

当时中国电影人没有钱拍电影,当时只有一个显而易见的解决办法。

没过多久,该国最高行业官员就开始建议引进好莱坞电影。

苏文迪表示,他们建议引进好莱坞电影,这已经被证明具有市场吸引力。然后中国观众会喜欢看这些电影。然后他们可以去电影院,他们可以从好莱坞的进口电影中赚钱,可以用这些钱来补偿国内的电影制作。于是进口好莱坞电影的想法就进入了开端。

1994年,第一部好莱坞大片在中国银幕上上映。《亡命天涯》(The Fugitive)讲述的是一个男人被诬陷谋杀了自己的妻子,他踏上了为自己正名的旅程。

主演是哈里森·福特和汤米·李·琼斯。这部电影让中国观众叹为观止。

苏文迪表示,“看到一部好莱坞大片能拍成这样真是太吸引人了。动作场面节奏很快。你知道,中国观众几乎30年来都没有机会看这样的电影。你可以想象那是什么样的感觉,因为那是一种惊喜和视觉上的愉悦,当然,是因为他们已经30多年没有与国际社会联系了。”

不仅仅是对中国电影观众,而且对整个国家的电影产业,这都是一个新时代的开始。

她还说,“但是20世纪90年代早期实际上完全改变了中国电影制作者的思维模式,这教他们如何制作电影,他们改变了观念。所以我认为,这部美国电影不仅对中国的电影制作人也对观众来带来了全新的视角。”

不过这其中也有限制。中国每年只允许放映十部好莱坞电影,每一部都是好莱坞都只拿到了十分之一的票房收入。

但对中国观众来说,这些电影是是无价的。苏文迪表示,大家非常渴望看到外面的世界。

她说,“我非常喜欢西方,所有这些东西。上次我们去书店买了西方哲学书籍,我们上了教授的这门课,急切地想学习西方的新思想,也想拥抱自由民主的方式。所以我们这代人实际上深受那些自由民主思想的影响。”

美国电影显然在我们的成长历程中扮演了非常重要的角色。 但北京方面并没有打算为其人民提供一次成长的旅程。至少不是政治上的。它想要的是通过放映不挑战北京严格控制的叙事的电影来赚钱。

换句话说,只要中国观众不认同美国的观念,他们买票看好莱坞电影是受欢迎的。

  • 抗日电影《八佰》上海电影节被撤映 曾被批美化国民党

关系破裂

1997年,好莱坞推出了三部故事情节丰富的电影,导致中国与美国电影童话般的爱情关系破裂。

其中两部电影《西藏七年》( Seven Years In Tibet)和《活佛传》(台湾译为《达赖的一生》)(Kundun)对西藏精神领袖达赖喇嘛进行了同情的描述。

与此同时,电影《红角落》(Red Corner)对中国的法律制度进行的刻画也并不正面。

然而非常重要的一点是,这些电影本来都没有打算在中国上映。

但他们的故事情节激怒了中国当局,他们决定不仅禁止这三部,而且禁止制作这三部电影的好莱坞电影公司在中国大陆放映任何电影。于是突然间,索尼、米高梅和迪士尼三家好莱坞大公司被排除在外。

斯坦利·罗森是洛杉矶南加州大学的政治学和国际关系学教授。

他指出,尽管当时的中国电影市场对好莱坞来说并不比秘鲁这样的市场大多少,但中国很早就表明了自己的态度。那就是在中国看来,好莱坞制片商和自己的烂片下场很相似。“所以如果你拍了一部本来就没打算在中国上映的电影,他们不会只是禁播这部电影,而是会禁播你所有的电影。所以中国从一开始就想让好莱坞知道谁才是老大。”

正如罗森所提到的,当时的中国市场非常小,但美国电影制作人已经充分意识到它日益增长的潜力,并想要发挥主导作用。

是时候让一些重量级人物介入了。迪士尼老板艾斯纳(Michael Eisner)和前国务卿基辛格(Henry Kissinger),聚在一起,制定了一个计划,以重新赢得北京的认可。

他们决定上映《活佛传》,但只在圣诞节当天在美国的四家影院上映。 因为不出所料,几乎没有人看到它。

这种做法安抚了北京。但三大电影公司再次向中国观众敞开了大门。

尽管好莱坞已经受到了明确的警告,但现在它开始面临中国媒体的批评。

罗森表示,当时中国媒体有文章重新评价《拯救大兵瑞恩》、《泰坦尼克号》、《星球大战》等好莱坞大片,包括那些在中国大获成功的电影,说现在理解了好莱坞的世界观。说如果他们拍一部俄罗斯电影,就会有很多间谍镜头。他们拍一部关于非洲的电影,就会有穿着很少衣服的野蛮人。

尽管如此,能够在中国上映的好莱坞电影数量仍在上升。

当中国2001年加入世界贸易组织(WTO)时,这一数字从10部增至20部。到了2012年,这一数字上升到了34部。好莱坞在电影收入中所占的比例也从10%上升到了25%

到那时,好莱坞电影已经占据了中国票房收入的一半。 然后,这期间出现了几个不受欢迎的转折。

首先,互联网的出现让观众可以在家里看电影。

其次,中国自己的电影人此时已经相当擅长制作自己引人注目的内容。

那么是不是中国观众对美国电影不再倾心或不再喜欢了呢?

罗森表示,在某种程度上是这样,有几个原因。第一,中国人在拍自己的电影,有特效,有大预算,有明星。“你知道好莱坞最早对中国有什么影响吗?中国没有大电影明星。当时有很多调查显示谁是最大牌的明星。这根本不是他们自己国内的明星,而是像香港成龙这样的人,像阿诺德·施瓦辛格。”

评论人士认为好莱坞为了进入中国市场进行自我审查已经成为常态

《真实的谎言》是20世纪90年代首批进入中国的电影之一。在中国,每个人都知道他们的中文名字。但中国现在有了自己的明星。好莱坞电影可能非常重复,从某种意义上说,中国的中国观众变得越来越有城府。更难取悦他们。

中国的电影爱好者可能已经变得更加挑剔,因此好莱坞更难打动他们,但对好莱坞来说,真正棘手的问题不是中国的观众,而是审查机构。

自我审查

有人担心好莱坞为了争取中国观众而做出了令人担忧的妥协。

多年来,好莱坞面临的问题一直是,为了让北京政府满意愿意在内容上做出多大妥协,还是坚持不妥协而临收入的损失。

詹姆斯·塔格(James Tager)是泛美集团的研究总监。该组织总部位于纽约,专注于保护文学自由,以及让文学自由成为可能。他说,“当我研究这个问题的时候,有一个人对我说,问题的一半是北京的审查制度,但另一半是美国的资本主义。 ”

塔格指出,在2020年,中国票房成为世界上最大的票房。毫不夸张地说,获得中国票房的机会决定了一部好莱坞大片的财务前景。

自从疫情爆发以来,美国观众迟迟不愿重返电影院,因此好莱坞电影制作人现在可能面临着争取中国观众的特殊压力。

他说,“事实上,这些大公司与政治审查机构合作有明显的经济动机。这在很大程度上是我们今天所看到的现象的原因,为了确保他们最终制作的电影能够在中国上映,好莱坞电影公司的自我审查越来越常规化。”

塔格说,为了获得北京的批准,很难弄清楚好莱坞到底是在为中国观众量身打造故事,还是在中国审查机构的要求下删去了有争议的镜头。

那么自我审查的程度有多严重呢?他说,“我喜欢把这种现象描述为冰山。每隔一段时间,这类新闻就会跳出来引起人们的注意。但是这些都发生在一般人无法接触到的对话中,对吧? 这是一场审查者和电影公司高管之间的对话,这是私人谈话。这是非常罕见的”。

然而,2014年,索尼高管之间的电子邮件被黑客入侵,这为我们短暂地了解了一点信息。

其中透露了一个关于科幻喜剧《像素大战》(The Pixels)的讨论。

《像素大战》中的一些场景展示了泰姬陵和华盛顿纪念碑等著名景点被外星人攻击的场景。中国的长城也遭到了攻击,索尼的老板们当时在考虑是否应该删除这些特定的框架。

最后,他们确实删除了这些内容。

塔格表示,“对我们来说,这确实是一次难得的机会,让我们看到,为了进入中国市场,电影公司的高管们互相讨论哪些电影内容可以被删减或修改,这是多么正常的事情。我是指制片公司的主管们互相写信。哎呀,你知道,审查者对这部电影的要求真的很严格。哦,我们担心这一幕会通不过审查,所以就剪掉吧。那是公众唯一一次了解到这个电影公司的内部工作的机会。 ”

许多调整似乎不那么明显。例如,男同性恋或女同性恋角色的台词被微妙地改变。

塔格还指出,“你知道,我们得到的很多关于审查的例子,很多都是,你知道的,微调,一些小的东西,这里删减一些字,这里删减一些场景,你知道,一个同性恋角色从屏幕上消失,或者一句对话被微妙地改变。尤其是抹杀LGBT人群的想法。这些问题已经很严重了。但是,你知道,人们可能会说,我的天,这只是这里的一个场景。这只是一个场景。有什么大不了的? 但这意味着,这个世界上最大的讲故事中心,本质上把越来越多地要讲的故事交由中国共产党的宣传部预先审批。这意味着有很多政治信息可以被插入或塑造到这些电影中,塑造到这些故事中。 ”

但塔格真正关心的不是好莱坞如何被迫刻画美国社会,而是它如何被要求刻画中国社会。

然而,无论好莱坞为了中国观众被要求做多少编辑和修改,现实是,就票房收入而言,这些编辑和修改已变得越来越重要。

事实上,他们扮演着主角的角色。

更广泛的意义

2020年,中国超过美国,成为世界上好莱坞电影最大的观众群体。在这一点上,有必要提醒我们自己,好莱坞绝不仅仅是一群在巨大、昂贵的工作室里辛勤工作的创意电影制作人的集合体。

尚气

《尚气与十环传奇》也没有获准在中国上映。

在光鲜亮丽的外表背后,是一系列企业集团——它们承受着来自投资者的压力,要求它们利用自己创造的品牌以各种不同的方式赚钱。

维吉尼亚州大学媒体学的教授艾尼·科卡斯表示,为了大成本的大片。在中国的成功上映可以使美国的票房收入翻倍。

例如,《星球大战 - 原力觉醒》(Star Wars: The Force Awakens)的制作成本高达2.5亿美元。票房收入高达数十亿美元,其中一半来自票房以外的收入。

他还表示,“我们看到像迪士尼这样的公司正试图通过他们的电影进入中国市场,不仅是为了电影发行收入,而且是为了创造在中国市场上有辨识度的知识产权,这些知识产权可以用于商品销售,可以用于主题公园,可以用于可以带动销售服装玩具等其他类型的附属产品游戏。 ”

所有这些都让大家质疑中国审查机构在这个过程中扮演的重要角色。

这一点比较复杂,而且没有进入中国市场的保证。

漫威的最新超级英雄电影《尚气与十环传奇》(Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings)去年在美国上映,取得了巨大的成功。

但尽管演员主要是华人,影片还是不被允许进入中国。其中一个原因是,电影主角过去曾批评过中国当局。

北京拒绝最新蜘蛛侠电影《英雄无归》的原因也有些牵强,毕竟没有对中国的负面描述。

但事实是,美国的自由女神像在电影的高潮部分中扮演了过于突出的角色。

现在的问题是,好莱坞无法猜测北京会因为什么提出反对。

科卡斯表示,所以它不只是像台湾或西藏这样非常明显的主题,还有其他事情,比如,好莱坞最喜欢的一个故事是某人挑战权威。这对中国来说是不可接受的,对吧?

这就引出了这个挑战的细微差别。正确的。所以,这并不意味着,再也不会有另一部超级英雄电影中有人挑战权威,也不是说这类电影再也不会在好莱坞制作了。然而,这意味着电影公司必须不断地考虑他们的内容在中国如何被接受。因为那些标准通常是不透明的,即使对那些与工作室交谈并给予纲领的人来说也是如此。

然后这就变成了一种令人不寒而栗的效应,工作室真的必须考虑他们在制作什么,以及在这些问题没有确定答案的时候起潜在的长期影响是什么。

我们应该提醒自己,中国的影响已经超出了国内播放电影的范围。1997年的教训是,如果北京对电影公司的任何一个故事情节不满意,它可能会封杀其所有内容。当时,电影公司因为一些甚至没有打算在中国上映的电影而受到惩罚。

科卡斯表示,这当然没有明确的答案。

她说,“肯定没有明确的答案。现在,我认为有一件重要的事情需要注意,在某种程度上,好莱坞电影公司可能——我认为坦率地说,但他们可能会意识到为了让这些大预算电影完全依赖于中国市场可能也不是完全正确的决定。但目前尽管存在不确定性,他们似乎仍然坚持着这些努力,。

现在我们回到我们的问题:到底为什么中国禁止《蜘蛛侠:英雄无归》?

简短的回答是,它把蜘蛛侠放在自由女神像上,把美国描绘成一个骄傲而强大的国家。对北京来说,这是不可接受的。

中国政府希望国产电影在银幕上有更多的空间,宣扬自己国家主题的电影故事情节。

也许从长远来看,真正的问题是,如果好莱坞想继续追逐中国观众,这对它能够讲述的故事情节可能产生什么影响。

最后,塔格指出,“我最担心的是作家坐在桌旁说很想写一部关于集中营的电影,但认为它不太可能被批准,因为有人会说,这部电影永远不会在中国上映,因为他们现在正在把织工关进集中营。而这就是永远拍不出一部可能有重要的社会和政治意义的电影的例子”。

 

Monday, June 27, 2022

美国堕胎权和“罗诉韦德案”

 地图

The "Shadow wars"

 Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon: Shadow Wars (Nintendo 3DS, 2011) for sale online  | eBay

The Battlespace of the Future

 <iframe width="1007" height="480" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/MZ60UDys_ZE" title="Drones, hackers and mercenaries - The future of war | DW Documentary" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>

When we think of warfare, we think of soldiers in full military gear with handheld weapons lined up to fight the enemy. And while there is still too much blatant, in-your-face warfare going around, there is now a new kind of conflict playing out worldwide. It's called "Shadow wars", and it is quickly taking over conventional warfare.

Shadow wars are wars that officially "don't exist" and are a more discreet type of fighting, using counterintelligence, data hacking, drone surveillance and attacks and outsourced mercenaries. It is also gaining popularity because it provides opportunities for plausible deniability.

Many nations use these methods so they are not held accountable for any actual wars and the subsequent deaths and damages. It is a back door option to resolve political, economic and humanitarian conflicts.

Since World War 2, military power across all nations has grown stronger. Powerful weapons, planes, submarines, boats and more are almost common. The United States military spends more money than the other major world militaries combined. But the rise of technology, mainly digital technology, and its incorporation into conflict management and warfare is most alarming.

Drones, for example, are now a prevalent weapon used by many military forces, especially in the Middle East, in countries including Yemen, Iraq and Afghanistan. Enemy forces from the United States use drone attacks, aiming at insurgent and terrorist groups such as the Taliban, Isis and Al-Qaeda. Sadly, innocent civilians are often hit and caught in the crossfire.

Data warfare is another aspect of shadow warfare. Despite the many advances in tech security, it is still relatively easy for computers, smartphones, and other personal gadgets to get hacked by the enemy. Clicking on the wrong link or even missing a call can be enough to install a virus onto your phone, giving hackers access to your phone's camera, microphone, and information.

These hackers have government backing, and on the flip side, digital mercenaries working underground also sell spy software to authoritarian regimes. Many tech companies have suffered outside virus attacks, shutting down all their computers and rendering them useless while taking the information hostage. When these data attacks have physical effects that can harm the population, it gets extremely dangerous. Governments are highly at risk since all their information is stored on computers.

The use of mercenaries is also on the rise, hired by private companies to do the dirty work for governments. Mercenaries allow them to avoid taking responsibility for any potential fallout, and it's a much cheaper alternative than deploying their official forces. However, privatizing warfare carries its caveats, especially increasing the demand for mercenaries and conflict.

It is no longer accurate to say that shadow warfare is the future since it is already here.

 

Saturday, June 25, 2022

德国外交官 - 习近平特使到处磕头

 习近平价值沦丧败坏国运,中国到了最危险时刻!前政协委员喊:快拨乱反正| 价值观颠倒必导致国运逆转-明镜读书(梁峻) - YouTube 

德国外交官 -  习近平特使到处磕头

 习近平派遣特使吴红波到欧洲进行为期三周的访问,美国智库大西洋理事会主席撰文称其到处认错,然而一个截然相反的说法在网络上出现,称“习近平确定的战略方向,没有任何迹象表明是可以讨论的。"值得注意的是,被普遍认为是“换习不换共”《更长电报-走向新的美国对华战略》就是由大西洋理事会发布的。

美国智库大西洋理事会主席弗雷德里克‧肯普(Frederick Kempe)日前在CNBC撰文说,习近平派遣特使吴红波到欧洲进行为期三周的访问,这被视为是北京在中共20大之前实施的高风险损害控制行动的一部分。

文章声称,吴红波是中共政府欧洲事务特别代表、前联合国副秘书长,他这次访问了比利时、塞浦路斯、捷克共和国、法国、匈牙利、德国和意大利,在每一站他都发出了类似的信息。

 肯普写道,吴红波表示,北京在很多事情上“犯下错误”,从处理COVID-19疫情到战狼外交,再到经济管理不善。虽然吴红波没有直接谈到乌克兰战争,但他也有发出信息——旨在向欧洲人保证,相对于美国而言,他们是欧洲首选的合作伙伴。

肯普评论说,吴的做法和表态是反常的。一位因其中国商业利益而要求匿名的欧洲商业领袖说:“中方想改变故事的基调,以控制损害。他们明白他们已经走得太远了。”

然而,截然相反的一个说法也在网络上同时出现。

德国马歇尔基金会(German Marshall Fund of the United States,简称GMF)成立于1972年,是美国一个无党派背景的公共政策研究和募款团体。其宗旨是致力于对跨大西洋问题和全球问题进行研究和分析等等。

它的官网上有一篇文章报道,一位欧盟高级官员说,"他们(中共)害怕失去欧洲"、"北京新的恐惧是,我们把中俄视为一体,我们与俄罗斯关系的严重恶化将导致与中(共)国关系的同样恶化。"

 

吴红波此行第一站是布鲁塞尔,据了解情况的人介绍,吴红波并没有带来任何新的东西。一位德国外交官告诉作者,“公文包里什么也没有”、"所以,认为他们(中共)能摆脱困境的想法只不过是一厢情愿的。习近平确定的战略方向,没有任何迹象表明是可以讨论的。"

这显然与大西洋理事会主席弗雷德里克‧肯普的说法存在重大冲突。既然“习近平确定的战略方向,没有任何迹象表明是可以讨论的”,又怎么可能让吴红波四处认错?

值得一提的是,2021年1月28日,《更长电报-走向新的美国对华战略》就是由大西洋理事会发布的。

这份”更长电报“被外界解读为“换习不换共”,其宣称“美国对华战略的使命应该是使中国重回2013年前的道路,即回到习近平之前的战略状态。”

美国国务院一位不愿透露姓名的前高级官员对此评论:“对准习近平?但习近平是共产党的产物。”

这位前官员认为,“中共的指导思想就是认为美国为首的西方跟社会主义中国是水火不容的,西方会利用各种办法把社会主义掐死。...邓小平、江泽民都是这样,认为帝国主义亡我之心不死。

他认为,《更长电报》说要针对习近平,这恰恰反映了美国对华政策几十年来的一个大败笔,“从1940年代以来,美国对华政策就喜欢针对个人,一看周恩来,这个人很和蔼,说话合情合理,于是就认为他代表的一切都是好的,没看到周恩来背后一些主导性的意识形态的东西。所以这个《更长电报》是个非常混淆视听的东西。”

 

联合国移民署IOM:

 原来富豪移民最爱去的竟是这些国家!-教育频道-手机搜狐

 

联合国移民署IOM:中国人最爱移民美加澳洲

近日,联合国移民署IOM重磅发布最新一期《2022年世界移民报告》!数据显示在移民出境的国人中超过五分之一选择去了美国,不过根据近几年的数据,加拿大已经超越美国成为中国人最喜欢的移民目的地。美国,澳大利亚分列二三位。

这是该系列的第11份报告,旨在对世界各地移民和流动性进行权威展示和解读,为广大投资者选择移民和定居国家提供参考。

  9,573 Visa China Photos and Premium High Res Pictures - Getty Images据报告显示,截止到2020年,全球移民总数已达到了2.81亿人,占全球人口的3.6%,相当于每30个人中就有一位移民!

疫情期间,移民人口不降反增

有趣的一点是,对比2019年2.72亿的移民总数,即使在疫情影响下导致全球人口流动减缓的2020年,移民人数仍增加了900万人。

其中,劳动人口占到了总移民人数的62%。也就是说,移民的主要群体并非大家想象的富豪,而大多为“普通打工人”。

而据移民报告内容表示,这已经是在疫情影响下的结果,如果没有疫情的影响,预估2020年的移民总量将达到约2.83亿人。

美国位列榜首,澳洲排名第九

那么全球2.81亿的移民人口,他们都润去哪了呢?

报告显示,从地区来看:

欧洲:拥有8700万国际移民

亚洲:拥有8600万国际移民

北美:拥有5900万国际移民

其中,美国仍然是最主要的移民流入国,超过5100万人,遥遥领先其他国家。最喜欢移民美国的是墨西哥人,中国人还有印度人。

德国是第二大移民流入国,有将近1600万人,其中波兰人和土耳其人非常喜欢德国。英国排在第五,加拿大第八,澳大利亚第九。

也就是说,欧洲、北美仍是移民聚集地,传统移民大国美、加、澳、英等热度不减。

身份申请简单、投资门槛较低的欧洲国家也正异军突起,成为热门的移民目的地!

除了阿联酋外其余均为发达国家,即使是阿联酋虽然不属于发达国家也属于高收入富裕国家。因此还是符合发展中国家流向发达国家的趋势,因此也能做出推断,决定一个国家是否是发达国家,移民算是一个重要的软性指标。

U.S. citizens blocked from leaving China return home after three years |  Reuters 据说墨西哥人很反感美国,但是富裕的美国像吸铁石一样吸引着墨西哥人。

令人意外移民人数第三多的是沙特阿拉伯,累计人数也超过了1200万人。最喜欢沙特的是印度和印度尼西亚,印度人不仅仅对沙特情有独钟,对阿联酋也很有好感。由于中东产油国普遍富裕,不少印度人前来务工。至于印度尼西亚,和沙特相同的信仰也让很多印尼人选择前往沙特工作。

俄罗斯迎接移民人数位居第四位,没有错,俄罗斯是人口外流大国也是人口流入大国。只是不同的是俄罗斯外流人士很多是精英,流入的大部分都是前苏联加盟国的普通打工者。

俄罗斯也吸引着来自中亚国家的移民。

流入俄罗斯最多的是乌克兰人和哈萨克斯坦人,值得一提的是流入俄罗斯的乌克兰人多达350多万人,而俄罗斯流入乌克兰的人数甚至更多。本该关系亲密的两国如今的局面令人唏嘘,长远来看乌克兰只会被推得越来越远。

2021 Intake: When Can International Students Go To China? - YouTube 俄罗斯亲手将乌克兰彻底推向对立面。

中国人最爱移民加拿大,其次是美国澳洲

数据显示在移民出境的国人中超过五分之一选择去了美国,不过根据近几年的数据,加拿大已经超越美国成为中国人最喜欢的移民目的地。美国,澳大利亚分列二三位。

在亚洲日本和韩国是非常受国人欢迎的移民目的地,以日本为例,根据日本发布的数据,中国人移民日本人数仅次于越南人。

1500万人!印度成移民国外人数最多的国家

报告显示印度成为移民国外人数最多的国家,累计多达1500万人以上。墨西哥位居第二位,俄罗斯和中国分居三四位。

叙利亚以800万左右的移民人数占据了第五位,第六位是南亚的孟加拉国,第七位是同样来自南亚的巴基斯坦。

第八位是处于战乱中的乌克兰,很快联合国的数据显示,俄乌战争爆发至今乌克兰累计产生难民高达1200万人,其中超过500万人逃亡海外。

乌克兰人因为战争被迫“移民”国外

逃亡海外的乌克兰人大部分都是妇女儿童,成年男子则大多留下来保卫国家。其中前往波兰和罗马尼亚的乌克兰人最多,除了向西外,还有部分乌克兰人在俄军的护送下“自愿”逃往俄罗斯。

塔利班攻占喀布尔前竭尽全力逃往国外的阿富汗人。

除了乌克兰,叙利亚也是因为内战的原因造成了国民大量外流。一个典型案例就是叙利亚流失的800万人中近一半在邻国土耳其。叙利亚人信奉穆斯林,与欧洲文明格格不入,但是因为政治正确,圣母心爆表的欧洲人还不得不接纳叙利亚难民。

深知欧洲痛点的土耳其总统埃尔多安经常以放开叙利亚难民自由前往欧洲为威胁敲诈欧盟,数百万叙利亚难民俨然已经成为土耳其人恶心欧洲的一张牌。

埃尔多安经常用开放叙利亚难民来威胁欧盟。

至于南亚三国印度,巴基斯坦,孟加拉国移民的原因无他,太穷了!

2021年数据显示三国中孟加拉国人均GDP最高仅2500美元,印度也在1900美元左右,向来和印度水火不容的巴基斯坦还不如印度才1500美元。这里提一句虽然巴基斯坦很贫穷,但是他们能经常在国外免费留学并且免费玩其他国家的高知女,令人非常羡慕。

印度贫富差距巨大,大量高知识分子移民欧美国家。

而移民人数前十位的国家中,墨西哥,俄罗斯,中国是仅有的三个人均GDP突破10000美元的国家。

墨西哥和美国接壤,因此高达95%以上的墨西哥人都选择前往美国,不管是通过合法程序还是非法偷渡的方式。

苏联解体后冷战结束,俄罗斯人可以自由出入国门,于是大量俄罗斯民众纷纷出国,仅仅三十年间俄罗斯外流人数多达1100万人以上。

而俄乌战争爆发深感无力的俄罗斯人正在加速外流,目前没有一个确切的数字,但是普遍认为俄乌战争后选择离开俄罗斯的人员数量已经在30万人左右。这几乎相当于往年一整年的外流数量,看不到希望的人们在用各种方法离开。

中共已经掉入“自己挖的债务陷阱”

10 countries are falling into China's debt trap – NORWAY NEWS – latest  news, breaking stories and comment – NORWAY NEWS 

中共已经掉入“自己挖的债务陷阱”

 

为达到中共领导人习近平民族复兴、实现“中国梦”的目标,中国共产党在国际战线上推出“一带一路”让经济体质脆弱的开发中国家坠入残酷的债务陷阱。熟娴中国问题的美国知名学者裴敏欣在日媒撰文分析,北京过去15年向贫穷国家提供数千亿美元贷款,被外界抨击为“阴险的债务陷阱”,最终目的就是穷国变成中共附庸国,如今这些穷国面临资本外逃、缺粮,越来越难以偿还中共贷款,中共已经掉入“自己挖的债务陷阱”,眼下也没什么好选择可以从“自己挖的坑”爬出来。

Highway to debt trap: With Belt and Road, China snares smaller countries  with massive hidden loans - DIU News 裴敏欣在《日经亚洲》发布评论提到,随着俄罗斯入侵乌克兰,高通膨、利率上升以及美欧经济衰退迫在眉睫,许多贫穷国家正面临着自2008年全球金融危机以来最严重的经济困境。这些穷国过去15年中,获得数千亿美元的贷款,如今面临资本外逃、粮食短缺,低收入国家的政府发现越来越难以偿还中共贷款,而且有些国家积欠中共的债务比台面上的还要多,估计中共对发展中国家提供的未批露贷款,至少占这些国家GDP的15%。

中共身为这些穷国的最大单一债主,且近三分之二的贷款用于基础建设。在经济低迷时期,收费公路、港口和发电厂等已建成的基础设施项目,将因交通和电力消耗减少冲击营收,难以产生足以偿还中共贷款的收入。其次,由于中共的贷款通常以资源产生的收入为抵押,在经济衰退期间违约风险会显著上升,因为需求下降通常会压低大宗商品价格,目前仅石油等能源除外,这些因素也会令偿还债务所需的收入减少。

裴敏欣指出,中共并没有好的选择可以摆脱它为自己挖的大钱坑,因为在经济危机期间向斯里兰卡等资不抵债的政府施压偿债是徒劳之举,而且适得其反。中共不仅会赔钱,还会自毁声誉。倘若完全注销穷国债务将导致中共国有银行损失,最后北京最终将不得不弥补,因此裴敏欣建议先减免最贫穷国家债务。其中,撒哈拉以南非洲地区的低收入国家占中共海外贷款1半左右,如果北京计划注销大部分债务,这些国家可优先考虑。

裴敏欣续指,中国也可选择债务重组,降低利率、暂停偿债并延长贷款期限,以避免债务违约的威胁。同时中国应该与其他国际捐助者和债权人合作,帮助发展中国家度过即将到来的全球经济风暴。目前全球因俄罗斯侵略乌克兰的行动引发能源危机,带动通货膨胀飙升。随着世界经济阴云密布,北京应该为自己造成的债务危机做好准备,眼下就是中共最好的机遇,讽刺的是这些问题始作俑者也是中共。

Friday, June 24, 2022

中国最大毕业潮遭遇最严峻就业环境

 中国毕业生就业难专家:洒钱补助亦难敌监控效应

中国最大毕业潮遭遇最严峻就业环境

中国就业市场今年夏天将迎来超过一千万大学毕业生。但在经济增长放缓、疫情封控前景不明的阴影下,他们的人生规划能实现吗?

 珍妮(化名)是个幸运儿。经过4轮面试后,她成为一家北京互联网公司从全国各高校计算机专业毕业生中选拔录取的10名优秀学生之一。

然而上个月,公司告诉她,聘用合同被取消了,原因是疫情影响和整体经济形势不佳。"我很担忧",珍妮对路透社记者说,"如果找不到工作,我不清楚我会做什么",她不想透露这家公司的名字。这个夏天她就毕业了,与她面临同样难题的还有全中国1080万大学应届毕业生。

时事】2020年毕业生的就业最难年,日本和中国的毕业生的就职企业排行榜新鲜出炉了! - 知乎 由于房地产市场低迷、地缘政治忧虑和对科技、教育和其他行业的监管打击本已经放缓的中国经济,又受到新冠防疫限制措施的打击。今年的毕业生面对的是数十年来最糟糕的就业市场。根据6月份发布的官方统计数字,目前中国18至24岁人群失业率达到18.4%,是整体失业率的三倍之多。

在经过几十年的高速增长后,这一局面不符合受过良好教育的年轻人的期望。这对注重稳定的中国共产党来说相当尴尬,尤其是在习近平预计将在中共二十大上连任的这一年。

 "(中国)政府与民众之间的社会契约是,你们不问政治,而我们保证你们的生活一年会比一年好。"北京大学的金融教授佩蒂斯(Michael Pettis)对路透社说,"现在的担忧是,一旦这个保证破灭了,什么需要改变?"

“保就业”

为什么大学生找工作这么难? - 每日头条中国总理李克强表示,稳定高校毕业生就业市场是政府工作的优先要务之一。现在,在其他旨在促进就业的倾斜措施之外,向应届毕业生提供实习岗位的公司将获得补贴。一些地方政府还向有创业意向的毕业生提供低息贷款。私营领域被裁减掉的一些入门职位,可能会由有国家背景的公司"兜底"一部分。

招聘公司任仕达(Randstad)大中华区总经理张鹏表示,中国的入门就业市场甚至比 2008-2009年全球金融危机期间还要糟糕,估计新增岗位自去年以来下降了 20-30%。"今年是个低谷,是我经历过的最低谷",有20年招聘经验的张鹏说。另一家招聘公司智联称,预期工资也降低了 6.2%。

科技行业一直是吸收大量高校毕业生的重要雇佣方。但今年,据招聘业界人士说,该行业正在削减其员工队伍。

疫情之下中国大学生面临严峻就业形势一场监管风暴使包括腾讯和阿裡巴巴在内的许多中国的科技巨头进行大规模裁员。路透社援引多位科技业内人士说,今年以来,该行业有数万人失去了工作。据上海的人才管理咨询公司诺姆四达(NormStar)今年4月发布的一份报告,中国大约 10 家最大的科技公司之间的裁员人数各不相同,但平均约为 10%。

私营教育是另一个受到监管限制的部门,也有数以万计的员工离职。业内最大的公司新东方宣布裁员6万人。

考研、考公务员

为了避免毕业后面临失业的风险,本科毕业生申请读研究生的人数创历史新高。6月发布的《2022年中国大学生就业蓝皮书》的数据显示,今年近两成应届毕业生选择升学读研,其中在国内读研比例为17.2%,较2019届(15.2%)的增幅为13%。

同时,应届本科生报考公务员趋势明显。数据显示,本科生脱产备考公务员的比例五年中翻了一倍,这被认为是年轻人择业求稳心态加剧的表现。

此外,海外留学生回国就业,也有可能冲击中国国内毕业生的就业。根据国家信息中心大数据发展部统计,2021年回国就业学生首次超过百万,达到104.9万人,比去年同期增长35%。中国求职招聘平台"智联招聘"发布的《2021中国海归就业调查报告》报告指出,受疫情影响,海外留学生回国意愿增强已成趋势,83.1%的海归认为在国内求职难度提高。